The parts of a well system
- The well. Drilled wells go deep into rock or deep aquifers, with steel casing. Dug or bored wells are wider and shallower, more common on older properties.
- The pump. A submersible pump sits down in the well. A jet pump sits in the basement and draws water up, usually from shallower wells.
- The pressure tank. Holds a pressurised reserve so a single glass of water does not wake the pump.
- The pressure switch. Starts the pump at its cut-in pressure and stops it at cut-out.
- Treatment. Sediment filters, softeners, iron filters, UV systems, depending on the water.
Testing
Ontario's public health labs will check a well sample for bacteria without a fee; pick up bottles from a public health office. Test at least seasonally, after a soaking rain, and once more whenever the well is opened.
Field note. A positive test for bacteria does not always mean the aquifer is contaminated. A damaged well cap or poor grading around the casing can let surface water in.
Protecting the well
- Keep the well cap secure and above ground level.
- Slope ground away from the casing.
- Keep fuel, fertiliser and chemicals well away.
- Know where your septic bed is relative to the well.
- Seal and decommission unused wells properly.
Warning signs
- Pump cycling on and off rapidly.
- Pressure dropping during use.
- Sputtering taps, which suggest air in the lines.
- Cloudy, discoloured or smelly water.
- No water at all.
See well pump service, water filtration and septic care.